Python Standard Methods Reference

String Methods

Method	Description
`capitalize()`	Returns a string with the first character capitalized and the rest lowercased
`casefold()`	Returns a lowercase string, more aggressive than lower() for caseless matching
`center(width, fillchar)`	Returns a centered string padded with fillchar
`count(sub, start, end)`	Returns the number of occurrences of substring
`encode(encoding, errors)`	Returns an encoded version of the string
`endswith(suffix, start, end)`	Returns True if string ends with the specified suffix
`expandtabs(tabsize)`	Sets the tab size to the specified number of whitespaces
`find(sub, start, end)`	Returns the lowest index of substring or -1 if not found
`format(args, *kwargs)`	Formats the string using placeholders
`format_map(mapping)`	Formats the string using a dictionary
`index(sub, start, end)`	Like find() but raises ValueError if not found
`isalnum()`	Returns True if all characters are alphanumeric
`isalpha()`	Returns True if all characters are alphabetic
`isascii()`	Returns True if all characters are ASCII
`isdecimal()`	Returns True if all characters are decimal characters
`isdigit()`	Returns True if all characters are digits
`isidentifier()`	Returns True if string is a valid identifier
`islower()`	Returns True if all cased characters are lowercase
`isnumeric()`	Returns True if all characters are numeric
`isprintable()`	Returns True if all characters are printable
`isspace()`	Returns True if all characters are whitespace
`istitle()`	Returns True if string is titlecased
`isupper()`	Returns True if all cased characters are uppercase
`join(iterable)`	Joins elements of an iterable with string as separator
`ljust(width, fillchar)`	Returns a left-justified string padded to width
`lower()`	Returns a lowercase version of the string
`lstrip(chars)`	Returns a string with leading characters removed
`maketrans(x, y, z)`	Returns a translation table for translate()
`partition(sep)`	Splits string at first occurrence of separator
`replace(old, new, count)`	Returns string with occurrences of old replaced with new
`rfind(sub, start, end)`	Returns highest index of substring or -1 if not found
`rindex(sub, start, end)`	Like rfind() but raises ValueError if not found
`rjust(width, fillchar)`	Returns a right-justified string padded to width
`rpartition(sep)`	Splits string at last occurrence of separator
`rsplit(sep, maxsplit)`	Splits string from the right
`rstrip(chars)`	Returns a string with trailing characters removed
`split(sep, maxsplit)`	Splits string into a list using separator
`splitlines(keepends)`	Splits string at line breaks
`startswith(prefix, start, end)`	Returns True if string starts with the specified prefix
`strip(chars)`	Returns a string with leading and trailing characters removed
`swapcase()`	Returns a string with uppercase/lowercase swapped
`title()`	Returns a titlecased string
`translate(table)`	Returns a string translated using a translation table
`upper()`	Returns an uppercase version of the string
`zfill(width)`	Pads string with zeros on the left

List Methods

Method	Description
`append(element)`	Adds an element to the end of the list
`clear()`	Removes all elements from the list
`copy()`	Returns a shallow copy of the list
`count(value)`	Returns the number of times value appears in the list
`extend(iterable)`	Adds all elements from an iterable to the end of the list
`index(value, start, stop)`	Returns the index of the first occurrence of value
`insert(index, element)`	Inserts an element at the specified index
`pop(index)`	Removes and returns the element at index (default: -1)
`remove(value)`	Removes the first occurrence of value
`reverse()`	Reverses the list in place
`sort(key, reverse)`	Sorts the list in place

Dictionary Methods

Method	Description
`clear()`	Removes all items from the dictionary
`copy()`	Returns a shallow copy of the dictionary
`fromkeys(keys, value)`	Creates a new dictionary with keys and optional value
`get(key, default)`	Returns the value for key or default if not found
`items()`	Returns a view of dictionary's key-value pairs
`keys()`	Returns a view of dictionary's keys
`pop(key, default)`	Removes and returns value for key or default if not found
`popitem()`	Removes and returns an arbitrary key-value pair
`setdefault(key, default)`	Returns value for key, inserting default if not found
`update(other)`	Updates dictionary with key-value pairs from other
`values()`	Returns a view of dictionary's values

Set Methods

Method	Description
`add(element)`	Adds an element to the set
`clear()`	Removes all elements from the set
`copy()`	Returns a shallow copy of the set
`difference(*others)`	Returns elements in set but not in others
`difference_update(*others)`	Removes elements found in others from the set
`discard(element)`	Removes element from set if present
`intersection(*others)`	Returns elements common to set and others
`intersection_update(*others)`	Updates set with elements common to all
`isdisjoint(other)`	Returns True if sets have no common elements
`issubset(other)`	Returns True if set is a subset of other
`issuperset(other)`	Returns True if set is a superset of other
`pop()`	Removes and returns an arbitrary element
`remove(element)`	Removes element from set, raises KeyError if not found
`symmetric_difference(other)`	Returns elements in either set but not both
`symmetric_difference_update(other)`	Updates set with symmetric difference
`union(*others)`	Returns a new set with elements from all sets
`update(*others)`	Updates set with elements from others

Tuple Methods

Method	Description
`count(value)`	Returns the number of times value appears in the tuple
`index(value, start, stop)`	Returns the index of the first occurrence of value

File Methods

Method	Description
`close()`	Closes the file
`fileno()`	Returns the file descriptor as an integer
`flush()`	Flushes the internal buffer
`isatty()`	Returns True if file is connected to a terminal
`read(size)`	Reads and returns size bytes or entire file
`readable()`	Returns True if file can be read
`readline(size)`	Reads and returns one line from the file
`readlines(hint)`	Reads and returns a list of lines
`seek(offset, whence)`	Moves file position to offset
`seekable()`	Returns True if file supports random access
`tell()`	Returns the current file position
`truncate(size)`	Resizes the file to size bytes
`writable()`	Returns True if file can be written to
`write(string)`	Writes string to file and returns number of characters written
`writelines(lines)`	Writes a list of lines to the file

Built-in Functions

Function	Description
`abs(x)`	Returns the absolute value of a number
`all(iterable)`	Returns True if all elements in iterable are true
`any(iterable)`	Returns True if any element in iterable is true
`ascii(object)`	Returns a string with printable representation using escape sequences
`bin(x)`	Converts an integer to a binary string prefixed with "0b"
`bool(x)`	Converts a value to a Boolean
`bytearray(source, encoding)`	Returns a new array of bytes
`bytes(source, encoding)`	Returns a new bytes object
`callable(object)`	Returns True if object appears callable
`chr(i)`	Returns a string representing a character whose Unicode code point is the integer i
`classmethod(function)`	Returns a class method for function
`compile(source, filename, mode)`	Compiles source into a code object
`complex(real, imag)`	Returns a complex number
`delattr(object, name)`	Deletes an attribute from an object
`dict(**kwargs)`	Creates a new dictionary
`dir(object)`	Returns list of attributes and methods of an object
`divmod(a, b)`	Returns a tuple of quotient and remainder
`enumerate(iterable, start)`	Returns an enumerate object with index and value pairs
`eval(expression, globals, locals)`	Evaluates a Python expression
`exec(object, globals, locals)`	Executes Python code dynamically
`filter(function, iterable)`	Constructs an iterator from elements of iterable for which function returns true
`float(x)`	Converts a value to a floating point number
`format(value, format_spec)`	Formats a value according to format_spec
`frozenset(iterable)`	Returns an immutable frozenset object
`getattr(object, name, default)`	Returns the value of a named attribute of an object
`globals()`	Returns a dictionary of the current global symbol table
`hasattr(object, name)`	Returns True if object has the named attribute
`hash(object)`	Returns the hash value of an object
`help(object)`	Invokes the built-in help system
`hex(x)`	Converts an integer to a hexadecimal string prefixed with "0x"
`id(object)`	Returns the identity (memory address) of an object
`input(prompt)`	Reads a line from input
`int(x, base)`	Converts a value to an integer
`isinstance(object, classinfo)`	Returns True if object is an instance of classinfo or its subclass
`issubclass(class, classinfo)`	Returns True if class is a subclass of classinfo
`iter(object, sentinel)`	Returns an iterator object
`len(s)`	Returns the length (number of items) of an object
`list(iterable)`	Creates a new list
`locals()`	Returns a dictionary of the current local symbol table
`map(function, iterable)`	Applies function to every item of iterable
`max(iterable, key, default)`	Returns the largest item in an iterable
`memoryview(object)`	Returns a memory view object
`min(iterable, key, default)`	Returns the smallest item in an iterable
`next(iterator, default)`	Retrieves the next item from an iterator
`object()`	Returns a new featureless object
`oct(x)`	Converts an integer to an octal string prefixed with "0o"
`open(file, mode, encoding)`	Opens a file and returns a file object
`ord(c)`	Returns an integer representing the Unicode code point of a character
`pow(base, exp, mod)`	Returns base to the power exp
`print(*objects, sep, end, file)`	Prints objects to the text stream file
`property(fget, fset, fdel, doc)`	Returns a property attribute
`range(start, stop, step)`	Returns an immutable sequence of numbers
`repr(object)`	Returns a string containing a printable representation of an object
`reversed(seq)`	Returns a reverse iterator
`round(number, ndigits)`	Rounds a number to a given precision
`set(iterable)`	Creates a new set object
`setattr(object, name, value)`	Sets the value of a named attribute of an object
`slice(start, stop, step)`	Returns a slice object
`sorted(iterable, key, reverse)`	Returns a new sorted list from the items in iterable
`staticmethod(function)`	Returns a static method for function
`str(object, encoding, errors)`	Returns a string version of an object
`sum(iterable, start)`	Sums start and the items of an iterable
`super(type, object)`	Returns a proxy object that delegates method calls to a parent or sibling class
`tuple(iterable)`	Creates a new tuple
`type(object)`	Returns the type of an object
`vars(object)`	Returns the __dict__ attribute of an object
`zip(*iterables)`	Returns an iterator of tuples

Built-in Functions (Common Object Methods)

Method	Description
`__init__(self, ...)`	Constructor method, called when object is created
`__str__(self)`	Returns a string representation for print()
`__repr__(self)`	Returns an official string representation
`__len__(self)`	Returns the length of the object
`__getitem__(self, key)`	Implements indexing/key access
`__setitem__(self, key, value)`	Implements assignment to indexed position
`__delitem__(self, key)`	Implements deletion of indexed item
`__iter__(self)`	Returns an iterator object
`__next__(self)`	Returns the next item from iterator
`__contains__(self, item)`	Implements membership test with 'in'
`__call__(self, ...)`	Makes object callable like a function
`__enter__(self)`	Enters context manager (with statement)
`__exit__(self, ...)`	Exits context manager
`__eq__(self, other)`	Implements equality comparison ==
`__ne__(self, other)`	Implements inequality comparison !=
`__lt__(self, other)`	Implements less than comparison <
`__le__(self, other)`	Implements less than or equal <=
`__gt__(self, other)`	Implements greater than comparison >
`__ge__(self, other)`	Implements greater than or equal >=
`__add__(self, other)`	Implements addition operator +
`__sub__(self, other)`	Implements subtraction operator -
`__mul__(self, other)`	Implements multiplication operator *
`__truediv__(self, other)`	Implements division operator /
`__floordiv__(self, other)`	Implements floor division operator //
`__mod__(self, other)`	Implements modulo operator %
`__pow__(self, other)`	Implements power operator **

Number Methods (int, float)

Method	Description
`bit_length()`	Returns number of bits needed to represent integer
`conjugate()`	Returns the complex conjugate
`from_bytes(bytes, byteorder)`	Returns integer from byte representation
`to_bytes(length, byteorder)`	Returns byte representation of integer
`as_integer_ratio()`	Returns a pair of integers whose ratio equals the number
`hex()`	Returns hexadecimal string representation
`is_integer()`	Returns True if float is an integer value

Bytes and Bytearray Methods

Method	Description
`capitalize()`	Returns a copy with first byte capitalized
`center(width, fillbyte)`	Returns centered bytes padded with fillbyte
`count(sub, start, end)`	Returns number of occurrences of subsequence
`decode(encoding, errors)`	Decodes bytes to a string
`endswith(suffix, start, end)`	Returns True if bytes end with suffix
`find(sub, start, end)`	Returns lowest index of subsequence
`hex(sep, bytes_per_sep)`	Returns hexadecimal representation
`index(sub, start, end)`	Like find() but raises ValueError if not found
`isalnum()`	Returns True if all bytes are alphanumeric
`isalpha()`	Returns True if all bytes are alphabetic
`isdigit()`	Returns True if all bytes are digits
`islower()`	Returns True if all cased bytes are lowercase
`isspace()`	Returns True if all bytes are whitespace
`isupper()`	Returns True if all cased bytes are uppercase
`join(iterable)`	Joins elements with bytes as separator
`lower()`	Returns lowercase version of bytes
`lstrip(bytes)`	Returns bytes with leading bytes removed
`replace(old, new, count)`	Returns bytes with old replaced by new
`split(sep, maxsplit)`	Splits bytes into list using separator
`startswith(prefix, start, end)`	Returns True if bytes start with prefix
`strip(bytes)`	Returns bytes with leading/trailing bytes removed
`upper()`	Returns uppercase version of bytes

Iterator and Generator Methods

Method	Description
`__iter__()`	Returns the iterator object itself
`__next__()`	Returns the next item from the iterator
`send(value)`	Sends a value to the generator
`throw(type, value, traceback)`	Raises an exception in the generator
`close()`	Closes the generator